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Adhd essay

ADHD children have trouble in school with reading, handwriting and paying attention to what is important. References Australian Psychological Society APS. Similar symptoms in multiple environments make it clear that someone is actually having problems with ADHD, rather than just school itself. Save adhd essay and let our verified experts help you. aspx Chambers, A. Many of the children in these facilities have a history of behavioral difficulties that may or may not have been diagnosed during adhd essay of their childhood. This essay, adhd essay, therefore, seeks to argue this….

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NIMH National Institute of Mental Health. shtml NIDA InfoFacts: Stimulant ADHD Medications - methylphenidate and amphetamines. The coe symptoms of ADHD ae inattention, hypeactivity and impulsivity. Childen with ADHD exhibit functional impaiment acoss multiple settings and engage in disuptive behavios, thus inviting citicism fom adults and pee ejection. Psycho stimulant medication has been shown to be easonably successful, but may poduce significant side effects in a school-age child. A multi-component model of intevention consisting of phamacological teatment in consonance with contingency management and cognitive behavio modification techniques seems to be the answe fo this vey baffling poblem.

Fo pactitiones to have confidence in the expected outcomes, specific pocedues to implement behavioal management in school classooms must be scientifically eplicated. Chapte 1 Intoduction What is ADHD? Impact of ADHD Diagnostic Standads Related Disodes and Comobidity Chapte 2 Review of liteatue Multi-component Intevention Comobidity Phamacological Intevention Chapte 3…. references for ADHD information from schools. School Psychology Review, 31 1 , Leo, J. American preschoolers on Ritalin treatment. Society, 39 2 , Macnab, A. Audiovisual hyperactivity disorder AVHD : a peril of the desire to excel. Canadian Medical Association Journal, 12 , Miranda, A. Effectiveness of a school-based multi-component program for the treatment of children with ADHD. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 35 6 , McGoey, K.

Early intervention for preschool-age children with ADHD: A literature review. However, in spite of the fact that they knew when and why they failed in doing something, they were unable to come up with an effective plan to solve the condition. oys were mainly indifferent to the reaction others displayed at their behavior while girls were severely affected by anything that was a direct result of their behavior Krueger, and Kendall. Most ADHD adults are capable to understand their condition and to attempt to find answers to their problem. However, they too are expected to put on view antisocial behavior, even after undergoing treatment.

Substance use is also a common occurrence in ADHD adults, as the influence of those who were formerly close to them is reduced and they cannot be controlled suitably Wilens et al. All things considered, ADHD individuals can display a perfectly normal behavior and it is wrong to have a biased opinion regarding them. ibliography: 1. Bibliography: 1. Claude, D. Edbom, T. Granlund, M. Lichtenstein, P. Hartnett, D. Nelson J. The Possibilities of Misdiagnosis," Roeper Review Krueger, M. Kendall, J. ADHD Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder ADHD has become a relatively common diagnosis. Most young people know someone with the diagnosis, if they have not themselves been diagnosed.

The article "More Diagnoses of A. Causing Concern," published in The New York Times, highlights the growing concerns with the increase in diagnoses of ADHD in children and teens. While there are certainly kids that legitimately have ADHD, some doctors are rushing through the evaluation and screening processes and making the diagnosis haphazardly. I believe the reasons for jumping to the diagnosis of ADHD are varied but relatively straightforward. Doctors have long been lackeys of big pharmaceutical companies that manufacture drugs like Ritalin, prescribed for ADHD.

When big pharma wants to sell more drugs, the companies will…. It is not only addiction to abusing substances that may go hand in hand with ADHD, but also cigaette smoking. A study by Wilens and colleagues of the Depatment of Psychiaty, Havad Medical School and the Pediatic Psychophamacology Unit of Massachusetts Geneal Hospital question whethe o not ADHD individuals self-medicate with cigaettes as well as the substance abuses. In a longitudinal ADHD family study focusing on substance use disodes he finds that those who do and do not have ADHD diffe significantly in thei pesonal pefeences fo alcohol and cigaettes.

The ADHD youth ae less likely to pefe alcohol but moe apt to pefe cigaettes. Both of these goups use substances to self-medicate and get high. Also ADHD self-medicating teens do not diffe fom those using substances to get high in thei type of ADHD symptoms o dug use poblems. It is suggested, then, that adolescent self-medication is not…. references for alcohol and cigarettes. The ADHD youth are less likely to prefer alcohol but more apt to prefer cigarettes. Both of these groups use substances to self-medicate and get high. Also ADHD self-medicating teens do not differ from those using substances to get high in their type of ADHD symptoms or drug use problems. It is suggested, then, that adolescent self-medication is not just for those with ADHD and that ADHD youth who self-medicate are similar in symptomatology to those who use substances for euphorigenic effects.

Levin and Mariani of Columbia University conclude that it is important to continue these types of studies regarding ADHD and substance abuse disorder because substance abuse only further aggravates the difficulties with ADHD, present more difficulty with remission and with treatment. The co-morbidity can also lead to other psychological problems. Studies have been few to date of ADHD and substance abuse, so it would be helpful to place more an effort here in the future to better understand how these different elements come together. Spenser, T. Kolpe, M. The American Journal on Addictions, , Kolpe, M. American Journal of Addiction. Functional MRI images have revealed new information on the differences in the brain activation patterns among ADHD subjects and healthy people without the condition.

The focus, which had thus far been restricted to the frontal lobe, has now been extended and researchers are actively studying other regions of the brain. One recent study showed that ADHD subjects not only exhibited underactivation in the prefrontal cortex but also in the parietal and the temporal cortex regions. Another study reported a distinct absence of activation of the anterior cingulate cortex region among ADHD subjects. A recent Stanford university study has also concluded that ADHD patients showed lesser activation in the posterior parietal attention system when compared with control subjects.

Using an odd ball task the researchers tested 12…. Bibliography Aaron Levin , 'ADHD Research Spreads Throughout the Brain," Psychiatric News, Volume 41, Number 12,-page 25, American Psychiatric Association. This ignorance on the part of public school instruction results in an unfair lack of respect towards ADHD students - a tragic mis-diagnosis of their health-related condition - and all too often this lack of understanding results in a loss of self-esteem on the part of the student. Any unwillingness to work with young people whose lives are being negatively affected by ADHD - whether the lack of teacher support is through indifference or a dearth of hands-on knowledge - is unacceptable morally, socially and academically. Do scientists know how children develop ADHD?

ndeed, the ongoing medical mystery into the issue of why children first show symptoms of ADHD and are later confirmed through reliable diagnosis as having this disorder has been explored by healthcare professionals for many years. The research is vitally important because this disorder doesn't involve merely a few children. n fact, according to Environmental Health Perspectives…. Indeed, the ongoing medical mystery into the issue of why children first show symptoms of ADHD and are later confirmed through reliable diagnosis as having this disorder has been explored by healthcare professionals for many years. Those nine billion dollars - in addition to the families of ADHD children who suffer and need help - should raise a red warning flag to the medical profession.

Some serious research needs to be ongoing and money needs to be invested through private and public sources. How does a child develop symptoms? One of the suspected culprits that is lurking in many households and public places in the U. is secondhand tobacco smoke; another is exposure to lead. While in the womb, a child exposed to smoke - or lead - could possibly. ADHD and Learning Disabilities in School Aged Children The article by Czamara, Tiesler, Kohlbock et al. The study examines the relationship between ADHD symptoms and learning disabilities in reading, spelling and math.

The researchers found that students with ADHD were at a higher risk of presenting with math, reading and spelling learning disabilities compared to students without ADHD. The study showed that both ADHD and learning disorders are comorbid and likely the effect of the same underlying problem, though exactly what that problem or process is remains unclear. Czamara et al. These studies show that ADHD is often found among…. References Czamara, D. et al. Children with ADHD symptoms have a higher risk for reading, spelling and math difficulties in the GINIplus and LISAplus cohort studies.

PLOS One, 8 5 : With the ADHD teen's short attention span and restlessness, this problem becomes crucial to solve. ut how? The answer may lie in a framework and structure that allows the ADHD child to accomplish the homework throughout his or her school years Robin, n. First, the parent and child must work together to investigate the points at which they are having the problem with homework. Are they writing down the assignment properly? Do they understand the assignment? Do they bring home the appropriate schoolbooks, etc. with which to accomplish the assignment? Do they have a quiet, well-lit workspace at home? Are they adhering to the promised schedule for doing the homework?

Do they have a problem focusing once they sit down to do it? Are his or her medications planned so that they can take advantage of it during those hours and have optimum concentration? Second, work out a written agreement…. Bibliography ADHD health center. ADHD health center. Retrieved June 8, , from Healthcenter. Retrieved June 9, , from A. html Jaffe-Gill, E. Retrieved June 9, , from Helpguide. htm Kane, A. What to do when your teen chooses bad friends. Retrieved June 9, , from Healthyplace. The high energy level and subsequent behavior are often misperceived as purposeful noncompliance when, in fact, they may be a manifestation of the disorder and require specific interventions.

Department of Education, Children with ADHD generally display behavior that is categorized as follows: 1 poor sustained attention; and 2 hyperactivity-impulsiveness. Ibid Because of this "three subtypes of the disorder have been proposed by the American Psychiatric Association in the fourth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders DSM-IV : 1 Predominantly inattentive; 2 Predominantly hyperactive-impulsive; and 3 Combined types. Barkley, ; as cited by the U. Department of Education Common characteristics of the child with hyperactivity include the child being "fidgety, have difficulty staying seated or playing quietly, acting as if drive by a motor Department of Education, Characteristics of children with impulsivity include "difficulty participating in tasks that require taking turns, blurting out answers….

Studies using a broader population base generally indicate that the ratio of boys to girls with the disorder is closer to Strength related to the student with an exceptionality. Individuals with ADHD tend to be highly creative, intuitive, open-minded, flexible, energetic, and optimistic. They are very quick learners when engaged and tend to develop a broad range of interests and hobbies as they get older. Students with ADHD are able to generate a tremendous amount of ideas in a very short period of time. They give a new meaning to the word brainstorm. Another great attribute of students with ADHD is their ability to work independently. Individuals with ADHD….

Bibliography BC Ministry of Education Teaching Students with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: A Resource Guide for Teachers. ADHD Case In the case of the year-old boy, clearly there is something going on that is creating a situation where he is becoming a disturbance both at home and at school. His parents fear he may have ADHD, a fear which is backed up by a number of his teachers. In order to understand what is really going on, a clinical assessment must be fully conducted in a multifaceted way that would allow the clinical researcher to understand what's going on in the boy's head. The multifaceted approach to assessment would include a psychometric test given to the boy's parents and teachers. This would be a way to help understand how third parties see the boy's behavior on an everyday basis.

There are number of paths a clinician might take in order to find the most appropriate psychometric test. Most rating scales used today can be helpful in determining…. Clinical assessment and diagnosis of adults with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. Expert Review of Neurotherapuetics, 10 10 , University of British Colombia. Weiss Functional Impairment Rating Scale-Sef Report. pdf Ward MF Wender PH Reimherr FW. The Wender Utah Rating Scale: An aid in the retrospective diagnosis of childhood Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. ADHD and how it affects students and their education. The writer provides suggested accommodations for these students and discusses why the teachers should do so. The writer provides an overview of the disorder and discusses the ways that a teacher can accommodate the student.

There were two sources used to complete this paper. Students with Attention Deficit Disorder are often called lazy, disruptive, and disorganized. The students with ADHD face obstacles that other students do not have to face. Elementary aged students are especially vulnerable to such criticism because of their youthful desire to please, and to internalize when they fail at that venture. It is important for elementary school teachers to accommodate and work with students who have ADHD for several reasons, including the student's self-esteem, the student's academic progress and the impact the student will have on the classroom without accommodations. WHAT IS IT Before one can begin….

Reid, Robert-Katsiyannis, Antonis, Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and Section ADHD and achievement: Meta-Analysis of the child, adolescent, and adult literatures and a concomitant study with college students" by Frazier et al. Previous literature reviews had indicated that students with ADHD more likely than their non-LD counterparts to fail or repeat grades. However, there were a number of problems with these previous studies: first, not all ADHD students manifest academic problems. Secondly, other features of ADHD academic achievement like content domains math vs.

reading and student demographics have not been rigorously studied. The study compared previous existing research studies of ADHD students to provide greater clarity upon the issue and then conducted a small, preliminary study of college students with ADHD at a single university. References Gall, M. Applying educational research 6th ed. Boston, MA: Pearson Education. Varjas, K. Using a participatory culture-specific intervention model to develop a peer victimization intervention. Journal of Applied School Psychology, 22 2 ,. Juvenile Delinquency: ADHD and Antisocial Behavior Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ADHD is, in basic terms, a mental health disorder typified by inattention, impulsivity, and hyperactivity.

According to the National Alliance on Mental Illnesses NAMI , approximately 1 out of every 10 children in the U. This text attempts to establish a connection between ADHD and juvenile delinquency. Foley, et al. This can…. References Foley, H. The Relationship of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder to Juvenile Delinquency: Legal Implications. Bull Am Academy Psychiatry Law, 24 3 , Kidder, K. Learning Disabilities, ADHD and Delinquency: Is There a Link? An Introduction. LD Online. ADHD and Juvenile Delinquency.

National Alliance on Mental Illness NAMI. Conduct Disorder and Behavioral Parent Training: Research and Practice. London: Jessica Kingsley Publishers. This paper will discuss the symptoms that a child with ADHD may exhibit, age of onset and gender differences, etiology, course, prognosis and current treatment and a differential diagnosis for the disorder as well. Symptom Picture Prevalence rates in the world for ADHD stands at 5. This is roughly consistent with rates in the U. A child who…. References Caye, A. Life span studies of ADHD—conceptual challenges and predictors of persistence and outcome. Current Psychiatry Reports, 18 12 , aspx Chambers, A.

Developmental neurocircuitry of motivation in adolescence: A critical period of addiction vulnerability. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 6 , Czamara, D. PLOS One, 8 5 , Davis, J. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 32 6 , pdf Faraone, S. The worldwide prevalence of ADHD: is it an American condition?. World Psychiatry, 2 2 , Kumperscak, H. ADHD through developmental stages. ADHD and How Its Classified So How Is ith ADHD being a very complex disorder, mental disorders experts devised a series of ways meant to enable doctors to provide diagnoses with more effectiveness and to generally make it possible for them to understand the condition better. The disorder is considered to be a persistent impairment of psychological development and to thus make it especially difficult for individuals suffering from it to integrate the social order properly.

There are a series of ways in which ADHD can be classified and it is thus essential for the person in charge of the diagnosis to be familiar with the diverse ways that the disorder can affect an individual. Classification system Depending on the symptoms that a person displays, he or she can be diagnosed with a particular type of ADHD. This makes it easier for doctors to provide treatment that is likely to…. Works cited: Diamond, A. pdf Kuo, F. pdf "Complementary and Alternative Treatments for ADHD," Retrieved March 15, , from Complementary and Alternative Treatments for ADHD.

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder presents itself in many different ways for many different people. It is further complicated by the fact that there are three types of ADHD recognized by the DSM-IV and even further evidence that females and males manifest the disorder in different ways. ADHD has been a challenge to school administrators for many years. The symptoms of the disorder not only interfere with the educational process of the affected child but they also can be disruptive and interfere with the education of students who learn with and interact with the affected child. ADHD impacts many aspects of the school day including the learning process, socialization and maturity.

Its impact cannot be underscored enough as it has the potential to create self-esteem issues which can lead to inappropriate behavior, serving to further interfere with the learning process. Schools are often the first entities to notice the symptoms of…. Statistical Data Included Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry; June 1, ; Sonuga-Barke, Edmund J. Daley, David Thompson, Margaret Weiss M, Hechtman L, Weiss G , ADHD in parents. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry Sonuga-Barke EJS, Daley D, Thompson M, Laver-Bradbury C, Weeks A , Parent-based therapies for preschool attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: a randomized, controlled trial with a community sample. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry ADHD Comorbidity The challenge of dealing with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ADHD is increased exponentially by the individual having accompanying challenges.

These challenges may be psychological as well as social. A primary concern for parents, patients, and researchers is that there are a large number of individuals with the original condition who remain undiagnosed or misdiagnosed. This means that the accompanying condition also remains undiagnosed. It therefore becomes critical that there is an increase in screening for ADHD and the accompanying comorbidities. Historically boys have been the primary targets for ADHD, but it should be noted that a significant number of girls are also afflicted with the condition. In samples of individuals taken from clinics the ratio of males to females is Goldman, Genel, Bezman and Slanetz This ratio however….

Family Service Tool Kit. Retrieved October 17, Amiri, S. Psychiatric Comorbidities in ADHD Children: An Iranian Study among Primary. ADHD Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder ADHD affects between two and ten percent of children, which is why it is important for all educators to understand Barkley, The disorder is technically incurable, but it is manageable. Barkley frames ADHD in terms of its genetic, biological, and cognitive dimensions, helping educators understand how to best approach children with ADHD and help them reach their highest potential. Educators need to know that ADHD leads to a cluster of observable behaviors but that the child may not be able to master impulse control in the same way as his or her peers.

Likewise, educators do need to be aware that ADHD is more common in boys than in girls. Educators need to be less concerned with potential causes of ADHD, less judgmental or biased about their students who have ADHD, and more proactive about changing their classroom environments and classroom management methodologies,…. References Barkley, R. Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. Barkley, R. ADHD and executive function. Mental Health and Society Mental health is one of the most important aspects of the overall health and wellbeing of children, adolescents, and adults. For children and adolescents, mental health is crucial towards their cognitive and psychological development. However, a significant portion of children and adolescents suffer from mental health disorders that affect their overall health and wellbeing as well as development.

Since most of these mental health disorders can persist into adulthood and in turn cause long-term morbidity, early diagnosis and treatment is considered vital towards enhancing the overall health of children and adolescents. This paper examines the prevalence of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ADHD , its significance to public health, and a data source…. Works Cited Data Resource Center for Child and Adolescent Health. The Child and Adolescent Health Measurement Initiative, n. Data Resource Center for Child and Adolescent Health. Hinshaw, Stephen, Pamela Peele, and Louis Danielson.

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 30 Sept. Krull, Kevin R. UpToDate, Inc. ICGP, June Parent: We are mainly concerned about putting her on drugs. I heard the medications they are giving children are basically speed. Counselor: You are right to be concerned about the use of ADHD medications, and I advocate a cautionary approach to pharmaceutical interventions. Tonya seems to be well-adjusted, motivated, and has a good attitude so there is no reason why we cannot first explore a wide range of treatment options to help her address the difficulties she is having in terms of remaining focused. Are you aware of some of the counseling options available, which we can try first? Part One: At-Risk Preschoolers and ADHD At-Risk Preschoolers and Early Developmental Delays Because early intervention can be critical for optimizing student outcomes, identifying at-risk students in preschool has become built into the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act IDEA.

References Blotnicky-Gallant, P. Canadian Journal of School Psychology 30 1 : Freedman, J. An analysis of the discourses on attention deficit hyperactivity disorder ADHD in US special education textbooks, with implications for inclusive education. International Journal of Inclusive Education 20 1 : Hancock, T. Howell, A. Enhanced milieu teaching. In Early Intervention for Young Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder, Springer. Kvande, M. Selection for special education services. European Journal of Special Needs Education 33 4 : Morrill, M. Special education financing and ADHD medications.

Journal of Policy Analysis and Management 37 2 : Rimestead, M. Short- and Long-Term Effects of Parent Training for Preschool Children With or at Risk of ADHD. Combined modality intervention for ADHD with comorbid reading disorders. Journal of Learnign Disabilities 51 1 : Taylor, R. Exceptional Students. New York: McGraw-Hill. ADHD Is ADHD real? The fact that there is not a diagnostic test that one can use to show that ADHD exists as a neurological disorder is not a good indicator that it is real Armstrong, So though ADHD might not be a real neurological disorder, what is called ADHD could be a symptom of some sort of relational issue that the child is having.

The fact that three million kids are on drugs because…. References Armstrong, T. Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in children: One consequence of the rise of technologies and demise of play. All work and no play: How educational reforms are harming our preschoolers, Sroufe, L. Ritalin gone wrong. New York Times, Are children overmedicated in regards to ADD and ADHD? Introduction According to a report by the Center for Disease Control and Prevention CDC , about 10, children could be receiving psych stimulant medication, e. This report lead was reported by among others, the media indicates that children are being overmedicated, because of mainly the notably high numbers Insel.

These drugs include anticonvulsants, antipsychotics, and other multi-mental health drugs. The findings of these two reports bring to the forefront the claim that children with ADD or ADHD are being overmedicated Lea Reynolds. This essay, therefore, seeks to argue this…. Executive Summary Attention-deficit hyperactive disorder ADHD is a rare psychiatric complication, which is diagnosed among children. To children who grow into adolescence without proper diagnoses, there is a huge difference in presentation compared to patients who are diagnosed early in their childhood.

They depict major challenges to the guardians and teachers attempting to cope with their condition. In most cases, the challenge is often reported late to medical practitioners Muhammad et al, This is a case of an adolescent with school truancy presented to a primary care clinic. At first, he was treated for depression and subsequently defiant disorder, as well as sibling rivalry. It is only after a keen and procedural follow up of the medical history that ADHD was correctly diagnosed. Further investigation was necessary because there was positive improvement after the use of methylphenidate for his condition. Escitalopram was prescribed alongside the medication to cater for….

Reference Henderson, K. Identifying and treating attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: a resource for school and home. US Department of Education Office of Special Education and Rehabilitative Services, Washington, DC. Khemakhem, K. Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder at schools in Sfax-Tunisia. La Tunisie Médicale, 93 5 , Muhammad, N. Attention-deficit hyperactive disorder presenting with school truancy in an adolescent: a case report. Mental health in family medicine, 8 4 , National Institute of Mental Health. shtml Vasconcelos, M. Arquivos de neuro-psiquiatria, 61 1 , Verma, R. Management of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Journal of pediatric neurosciences, 6 1 , Virtual Medical Centre.

The Family Impact of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ADHD. Assessing and Treating Children and Adolescents with Disruptive Behaviors: The Case of the Hyperactive Child Client Assessment The client is an African-American child aged between 8 and Her identifying symptom is the inability to remain calm when the situation requires her to, such as during counseling, where she keeps nagging the counselor to play APA, She plays with a toy throughout the session, signifying lack of concentration. The client…. References Abikoff, K. Behavior Therapy and Methylphenidate in the Treatment of Children with ADHD. Journal of Attention Disorders, 2 2 , American Psychiatric Association Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders 5th ed. Washington, DC: Author. Kolar, D. Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment, 4 2 , Loe, I.

Academic and Educational Outcomes of Children with ADHD. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 32 6 , Wheeler, K. Psychotherapy for the Advanced Practice Psychiatric Nurse: A How-to Guide for Evidence-Based Practice. New York, NY: Springer Publication Company. There is however no cure. There is currently a lot of research dedicated to the development of more effective interventions as well as treatments for ADHD. These include the use of revolutionary tools such as brain scanners. The management and treatment of ADHD should be given a multidirectional approach. eferences Child Development Institute shtml Collins, K The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition, Text evision.

Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association. Gross-Tsur, V Epilepsy and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: is methylphenidate safe and effective? Hunt, D Functional oles of Norepinephrine and Dopamine in ADHD. References Child Development Institute Volume 2 Case Number 21 Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ADHD affects clients across the lifespan, although it is more common in children. Data from the Center for Diseases Prevention and Control CDC indicates that approximately 6. The presenting client is a year old female diagnosed with post-traumatic stress disorder PTSD , poly-substance abuse, and long-standing schizoaffective bipolar-type disorder.

The client reports involvement in criminal activity, impulsiveness, hallucinations, difficulty managing anger, persecutory ideation, poor academic performance, and self-mutilatory behavior. This text seeks to develop an individualized treatment plan for the client with co-occurring ADHD and PTSD. Questions to Ask the Client Clinical interviews are crucial for effective treatment. A fundamental question to…. References APA Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders DSM-5 5th ed. Washington, DC: American Psychiatry Association. ADDA Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale: Symptom Checklist Instructions.

Attention Deficit Disorder Association. pdf CDC Data and Statistics about ADHD. Center for Diseases Prevention and Control CDC. html CMS Stimulant and Related Medications: US Food and Drug Administration — Approved Indications and Dosages for Use in Adults. Center for Medicare and Medicaid Services. pdf Dalgaard, S. Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology, 24 6 , Smucker, W. Evaluation and Treatment of ADHD. American Family Physician, 64 5 , This paper will…. Katie is a child that is ostensibly developed and otherwise put together for her age.

However, her academics are problematic and the primary if not only problem seems to be that she has little ability to pay attention or do things that so not directly and completely interest her. What will follow in this report is a listing of three decision points and why those precise decisions were made. The history involved will not be dwelled on given that this has already been covered to a great extent. However, the proper internal and scholarly justifications will be offered along the way to support the decisions made. Analysis Decision One The first decision made was to put Katie on a medication. Despite the doubt….

References Hamedi, M. Akhondzadeh, S. Bupropion in Adults with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: a Randomized, Double-blind Study. Acta Medica Iranica, 52 9 , Paton, K. Johnson, K. ADHD what it is this disease and what are the symptoms and result of this disease. The paper also discusses the affects of ADHD on patients. The American Psychiatric Association refers to two more categories of symptoms regarding ADHD. The Hyperactivity category includes symptoms such as often fidgeting with hands or feet, Often leaves seat in classroom or in other situations in which remaining seated is expected, Often runs about or climbs excessively in inappropriate situations, often talks excessively, often has difficulty playing or engaging in leisure activities quietly The next category of symptoms developed by the APA regard impulsiveness.

These symptoms include often blurting out answers before questions have been completed, often has difficulty awaiting turn, and often interrupts or intrudes on others These two categories are used to classify two different types of ADHD. One being combined ADHD which requires that symptoms from the inattention and hyperactivity categories be present. The other type is hyperactive-impulsive ADHD which requires that symptoms from hyperactivity and impulsiveness are present. For an individual to be diagnosed with ADHD they must not only suffer from a range of symptoms but also fulfill parts B through E of the diagnosis process.

The second four parts of the diagnosis are what separates those with ADHD and an individual that would be labeled as lazy. ADHD is developed in adolescence. This is a big factor in separating those with ADHD, and say college students who trying to receive an Aderall or Ritialin prescription to help get their work done. When being diagnosed it would be hard for a doctor to really tell if the individual had suffered from the symptoms at an early age or not. People of this age being diagnosed results in people questioning the legitimacy of ADHD. It needs to be understood that ADHD symptoms are something that an individual must have dealt with nearly their whole lives.

Part C of the diagnosis process states that the symptoms must be present in two or more settings. When a child isn't performing well in school, and matches ADHD symptoms there is not enough evidence to diagnose that child with the disorder. Symptoms must be seen in other aspects of the individuals life such as on a little league sports team or at home. This makes it clear that the person actually has problems with the control of their actions. Similar symptoms in multiple environments make it clear that someone is actually having problems with ADHD, rather than just school itself. One of the most key parts of the diagnosis process would probably be part D.

For and Individual to actually have ADHD the symptoms must be significant. Symptoms are usually declared significant by being compared to by another individual at the same level of development. For example some children's hyperactive behavioral actions could be explained by simply being a child. Children have a lot of energy and enjoy to play. A child who actually has ADHD would have energy levels much higher than those in the rest of the class. They would appear to be much more restless and inattentive than almost all of the individuals in their class. This is the part of the diagnosis process that really separates the real cases from the fakes. People often over exaggerate symptoms in order to be diagnosed with ADHD.

The final part of the diagnosis process part E is what declares that a child officially has ADHD. This part of the diagnosis process is what makes sure that a child isn't being misdiagnosed with ADHD. It is necessary to make sure an individuals ADHD is not being mistaken for another mental disorder. This is where it is important that a full background check of the individual is taken into account. It is important that every little detail of the individuals history is taken in order to avoid a false diagnosis. Usually the patients genetic background will be looked at to see if any other mental disorders are seen in that patients genetic history. The patients background check is also an important part selecting the proper treatment. As discussed briefly earlier ADHD stimulants play a big role in the ADHD controversy.

It is known that stimulant medications are the most common approach to treating ADHD. With statistics like this the effectiveness of stimulants cannot be questioned. Sajid, Poor, and Diaz claim that stimulants are the best researched form of treatment They continue to talk about the options of either long acting or short acting stimulate formulations that contain methlyphenidate Methylphenidate is what promotes the release of stored dopamine into the brain and selectively promotes the release of newly synthesized dopamine into the brain. By understanding this it is easy for one to see that dopamine certainly plays a role in ADHD. If sufferers of ADHD didn't have some sort of imbalance of dopamine levels why would the medication be so efficient.

This certainly rules out certain aspects of the opposing sides argument on ADHD. For one this shows that ADHD is not simply a disorder of laziness, bad parenting, or lack of control. The severity and uncontrollableness of the individuals behavior can be further explained by something other than reason. The symptoms are for certain a result of an individuals dopamine levels present in their brain. Through this information one can see that the use of stimulant medications to treat ADHD are appropriate. Unfortunately there is a lot more to the argument for this conclusion to be made. A series of questions are brought up by the opposing view even after seeing information similar to what has been presented. Opposers commonly like to question the increase in the prescription of stimulant medications since their origin.

There is a lot to be said about this increase, as it explains a lot of ADHD's history. A book titled Minimal Brain Dysfunction in Children helps us trace the use of stimulant medications to treat ADHD like disorders back to Wender et al. The period of 30 years from to was more than enough time for people to start actually hearing about ADHD. We can assume that since the general public in america has gained a much better understanding of the disorder. For people to be skeptics of the disorder and its treatment methods upon their initial discovery is something easy to understand.

Once research of the disorder and its medications were made available to the public showing proper information about the disorder it would likely become more acceptable. Although the timing of an increase in the disorders popularity can be explained, the tremendous increase and constantly growing numbers may still seem a mystery to many. These growing numbers can be explained by a few different things. To start the growing popularity of the disorder has made it seem more acceptable to have. Parents of children and adults themselves aren't hesitating to be diagnosed and treated for ADHD. A major part of the problem linking to ADHD's overwhelming increase in acceptance is misdiagnosis and even an entirely false diagnosis.

Due to the competitive nature of humans, parents are looking to have their child diagnosed to receive advantages in school. Students who have disabilities are allowed extra time on tests and given other advantages to make up for their disorder. This has parents headed to the doctor to give false accusations about the severity of their child's ADHD symptoms. A statistic given in a Medical News Today article states that This statistic provides evidence that a majority of the ADHD diagnosis' are made on children who don't display significant problems with their symptoms. As a result of this we can conclude that due to the significance level of symptoms being The problem of ADHD over diagnosis can be solved through its definition.

Author David Antonuccio claims in an article that part of the ADHD definition is statistical rarity limiting only a certain amount of the population to have the disorder. Having this statistic in the definition certainly verifies that increasing false diagnosis of ADHD is certainly becoming more common in The United States. This helps us realize that the leniency, broadness, and lack of control over the diagnosis process is what is causing the tremendous diagnosis increase seen in the disorder. Having this information displayed makes it clear how misconceptions about the legitimacy of ADHD are created. People having seen this huge increase in diagnosis and treatment is what makes them question the disorder. Now having seen how ADHD diagnosis has become increasingly popular we can conclude that it has nothing to do with the validity of the disorder.

This problem belongs to the people of The United States rather than the ADHD community. It is important when looking at the truthfulness of ADHD to look at the definition of the term rather than the cultural problems it has aroused. The problem of false and misdiagnosis are not the only things that raise questions about ADHD. People seem to think there is only a presence of ADHD in The United States. While it is true that ADHD rates are much higher in The United States, it is certainly not the only country in the world who is involved with the disorder. A newspaper article put out by The Times in the United Kingdom shows that they are dealing with problems similar to those in The United States. The article goes over statistics that display tremendous increases in stimulant medication prescriptions in several different parts of the UK.

In a similar article it is stated that in the country Scotland prescriptions increased from 4, in to 72, in Smith 8. Followed by this he says "The Scottish Government yesterday said the rise was down to better detection of ADHD, a result of wider knowledge of the condition among health workers" Smith 8. After taking a look at what is going on in the UK, it's safe to say they are undergoing the same process The United States did years ago. The lack of knowledge about ADHD in previous years is what kept ADHD diagnosis so low in certain countries until more recent years. This helps us clear up the misconception that ADHD is something that only exists in The United States. Countries all over the world are continuously seeing large increases in diagnosis rates of ADHD.

The reason the rates aren't as high as The United States is simply because the disorder is something new to these countries. Now it should be safe to say that ADHD is in fact a real disorder. With today's technologies resulting in new discoveries on the brains functions and the disorder's acceptance present in the worlds developed countries make it difficult for any individual to deny this fact. Although the controversy of ADHD's legitimacy has been made clear, the argument does not end here. In close relation to the over diagnosis controversy, a similar controversy is aroused by ADHD's stimulant medications.

Stimulant medications have aroused a whole new controversy of their own in the medical world today. It is common to see an individual reject the use of stimulant medications because of the various negative side effects that come with their use. The question of long term effects being caused by stimulant medications is being seen more often among users themselves, and anyone else involved in the argument over ADHD. A study shown in the Journal of Psychosocial Nursing and Mental Health Services holds the answers to these questions.

In order to gain an understanding of stimulant medications it is necessary that a brief summary of this study is given. A table titled Effects of Long-Term Stimulant Therapy on Safety Outcomes in Children With ADHD states the following information regarding side effects of stimulants; Treatment was well tolerated, 7. Minimal effects on weight and heigh were seen. Small if any changes in blood pressure or heart rate. As you can see questionable side effects are seen with the use of stimulant medications. There is a possibility to have trouble sleeping, have problems with abdominal pain, a decreased appetite, and suffer from tics.

This study was done over a two year period so it insures that most side effects caused by stimulants were seen in this study. In the two years of this study nothing was discovered that wasn't know before. With the long term use if stimulants you will most likely suffer from a few negative side effects. ADHD patients involved in stimulant treatment would be able to tell you the side effects may not seem pleasant, but can be overcome by proper use of the stimulant. To begin stimulant medications must be taken early in the morning to avoid possible insomnia. For extended release stimulants the effects last anywhere from hours. Taking your medication early in the morning gives time for the medications effects to wear off. It is also important that an individual under treatment makes the effort to eat.

Stimulant medications decrease appetite not allowing an individual to realize their hunger. Although one may not feel hungry, it is important to eat healthy foods for every meal of the day. Not eating due to stimulant treatment can become a problem and result in serious weight loss. It is important that a few more things are taken into account when being treated with stimulant medications. Before treatment even starts it is important that the proper prescription be given. The article "Overview of ADHD" gives this information on stimulant treatment, "Before prescribing any medication, a full history should be taken. In the case of stimulants, it is especially important to check for a personal or family history of heart conditions and arrhythmias. Of Course, a complete physical examination is also required with referral to a cardiologist if indicated from information in the history" Sajid, Poor, Diaz Once heart Conditions are ruled out it is safe to say that with a proper ADHD diagnosis stimulant treatment is appropriate.

Parents may want to monitor their children carefully once treatment begins. It is important to watch the way one reacts to the medications to make sure none of the side effects cause serious harm. Weight and height should be monitored carefully. In the instance of significant weight or height change treatment should be discontinued. Stimulant medications hold another attribute that give users one more reason to take caution. Stimulant medications are proven to be addictive when the user disregards their prescribed amount.

It needs to be understood that in no case should an individual exceed their recommended dose. This is considered abuse of stimulant medications and can result in serious problems. An article regarding the misuse and abuse of stimulant medications gives a list of symptoms that help detect misuse or abuse. Users themselves and parents of adolescent users should look for behavioral changes, problems in school or work, change in activities and friends, heightened attention, long periods of sleeplessness, not eating, secrecy and isolation, fatigue, depression , racing heart, confusion and delusion, aggressiveness, irritability, mood swings, weight loss, and dilated pupils McCarthy.

These symptoms will all become apparent when dealing with one that abuses their prescription. The possibility of addiction among stimulant users does in fact exist. This addictive attribute can be disregarded given that the prescription is used as directed by his or her physician. Through the series of information given on the effects of stimulants it can be said that they're appropriate as long as the individual being treated takes the necessary precautions. They are effective in treating those with ADHD, and are the answer to the problem for many. For some individuals stimulant medications may not be the right treatment.

In this case there are many other options of treatments and therapies that are appropriate for treating those with ADHD. In fact the effectiveness of behavioral therapies among those with ADHD has aroused another controversy regarding stimulant medications. This relatively new controversy is brought up in the USA Today article "New findings raise questions about use of ADHD drugs". A quote from the article regarding studies on behavioral therapies says, "It now reports the advantage is gone by the three-year mark. By the six and eight-year mark, across 30 measures of behavior and academics, the children still being given medication by their parents fared no better than their non-medicated counterparts This quote is referring to behavioral therapy's ability to catch up to the effectiveness of stimulant medications after a three year period.

This causes many to question the use of stimulant medications. It wouldn't make sense to pump your child full of amphetamines when you can gain the same results by behavioral therapy. Refuting the previous argument three years is a long time. As Stimulants are instantly effective many individuals are looking for instant results. Although reaching a conclusion on this argument isn't possible, combined treatment methods completely erase the idea of the argument. If both forms of treatment are seen to be equally effective, why not use them both.

With the instant effectiveness of stimulants and the long term effectiveness of behavioral therapies, a whole new therapy can be created that is twice as effective. ADHD patients on stimulants would be more susceptible to participating in behavioral therapies. Thus the therapies process would go much quicker producing positive results in half the time. Combined therapy is the ultimate way for any ADHD victim to overcome their problem. Through all of the information that has been given in this argument two final conclusions have been reached. The first conclusion was that ADHD is in fact a real disorder. The second conclusion would be that among individuals that qualify for their use, stimulant medications are an appropriate method of treatment. After seeing long term studies on the safety of their use and studies on their overall effectiveness it is safe to make this conclusion.

As ADHD is one of the most researched disorders in medicine it is only normal for a large portion of information to be left out this argument.

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Monday, March 28, 2022

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